Перевод: с английского на все языки

со всех языков на английский

there is no resolution to that problem

  • 1 resolution

    rezə'lu:ʃən 1. noun
    1) (a firm decision (to do something): He made a resolution to get up early.) beslutning
    2) (an opinion or decision formally expressed by a group of people, eg at a public meeting: The meeting passed a resolution in favour of allowing women to join the society.) resolusjon
    3) (resoluteness.) besluttsomhet
    4) (the act of resolving (a problem etc).) snarrådighet
    •
    - resolutely
    - resoluteness
    - resolve     2. noun
    1) (determination to do what one has decided to do: He showed great resolve.) besluttsomhet
    2) (a firm decision: It is his resolve to become a director of this firm.) beslutning
    •
    erklæring
    subst. \/ˌrezəˈluːʃ(ə)n\/, \/ˌrezəˈljuːʃ(ə)n\/
    1) besluttsomhet, bestemthet, fasthet, viljestyrke
    2) resolusjon, beslutning, vedtak, forsett
    3) ( i fysikk e.l.) oppløsning, oppløsningsevne
    4) ( høytidelig) løsning
    pass\/adopt a resolution vedta en resolusjon

    English-Norwegian dictionary > resolution

  • 2 Creativity

       Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)
       Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)
       There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)
       he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)
       he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)
       From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)
       Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)
       The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)
       In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)
       he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)
        11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with Disorder
       Even to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)
       New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)
       [P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....
       Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)
       A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....
       Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity

  • 3 resolve

    resolve [rɪ'zɒlv]
    (a) (work out → quarrel, difficulty, dilemma) résoudre; (→ doubt) dissiper; Mathematics (→ equation) résoudre;
    ∎ there are a few points left to resolve il nous reste encore quelques petits problèmes à résoudre;
    ∎ have you resolved your difficulties yet? avez-vous résolu vos difficultés?
    (b) (decide) (se) résoudre;
    ∎ to resolve to do sth décider de ou se résoudre à faire qch;
    ∎ I resolved to resign j'ai pris la décision de démissionner;
    ∎ she had resolved that he would have to leave elle avait décidé qu'il devrait partir;
    ∎ it was resolved that a final decision would be taken later il a été résolu ou on a décidé qu'une décision finale serait prise ultérieurement
    (c) (break down, separate) résoudre, réduire;
    ∎ the problem can be resolved into three simple questions le problème peut se résoudre en ou être ramené à trois questions simples
    (d) Optics & Physics (parts, peaks) distinguer; (image) résoudre
    (e) Medicine résoudre, faire disparaître
    (f) Music résoudre
    (a) (separate, break down) se résoudre
    (b) Music (chord) être résolu
    3 noun
    (a) (determination) résolution f;
    ∎ it only strengthened our resolve ça n'a fait que renforcer notre détermination
    (b) (decision) résolution f, décision f;
    ∎ to make a resolve to do sth prendre la résolution de faire qch

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > resolve

  • 4 resolve

    1) (to make a firm decision (to do something): I've resolved to stop smoking.) beslutte
    2) (to pass (a resolution): It was resolved that women should be allowed to join the society.) vedta
    3) (to take away (a doubt, fear etc) or produce an answer to (a problem, difficulty etc).) løse
    erklæring
    I
    subst. \/rɪˈzɒlv\/
    1) beslutning
    2) besluttsomhet
    keep one's resolve stå fast på sin beslutning
    II
    verb \/rɪˈzɒlv\/
    1) bestemme seg for, beslutte, sette seg fore, resolvere
    hvis han har bestemt seg for å gjøre det, kan du ikke få ham til å endre beslutning
    2) løse
    3) fjerne
    4) løse opp, oppløse
    5) ( medisin) resorbere, fordele, svinne
    resolve into konstituere som
    resolving power oppløsningsevne

    English-Norwegian dictionary > resolve

  • 5 set

    [set] 1. present participle - setting; verb
    1) (to put or place: She set the tray down on the table.) postaviti
    2) (to put plates, knives, forks etc on (a table) for a meal: Please would you set the table for me?) pogrniti
    3) (to settle or arrange (a date, limit, price etc): It's difficult to set a price on a book when you don't know its value.) določiti
    4) (to give a person (a task etc) to do: The witch set the prince three tasks; The teacher set a test for her pupils; He should set the others a good example.) dati
    5) (to cause to start doing something: His behaviour set people talking.) sprožiti
    6) ((of the sun etc) to disappear below the horizon: It gets cooler when the sun sets.) zaiti
    7) (to become firm or solid: Has the concrete set?) strditi se
    8) (to adjust (eg a clock or its alarm) so that it is ready to perform its function: He set the alarm for 7.00 a.m.) naravnati
    9) (to arrange (hair) in waves or curls.) nakodrati, urediti
    10) (to fix in the surface of something, eg jewels in a ring.) vstaviti
    11) (to put (broken bones) into the correct position for healing: They set his broken arm.) naravnati
    2. adjective
    1) (fixed or arranged previously: There is a set procedure for doing this.) ustaljen
    2) ((often with on) ready, intending or determined (to do something): He is set on going.) odločen
    3) (deliberate: He had the set intention of hurting her.) odločen
    4) (stiff; fixed: He had a set smile on his face.) tog
    5) (not changing or developing: set ideas.) tog
    6) ((with with) having something set in it: a gold ring set with diamonds.) z vdelanim (diamantom itd.)
    3. noun
    1) (a group of things used or belonging together: a set of carving tools; a complete set of (the novels of) Jane Austen.) zbirka
    2) (an apparatus for receiving radio or television signals: a television/radio set.) aparat
    3) (a group of people: the musical set.) skupina
    4) (the process of setting hair: a shampoo and set.) friziranje
    5) (scenery for a play or film: There was a very impressive set in the final act.) scenografija
    6) (a group of six or more games in tennis: She won the first set and lost the next two.) niz
    •
    - setback
    - set phrase
    - set-square
    - setting-lotion
    - set-to
    - set-up
    - all set
    - set about
    - set someone against someone
    - set against someone
    - set someone against
    - set against
    - set aside
    - set back
    - set down
    - set in
    - set off
    - set something or someone on someone
    - set on someone
    - set something or someone on
    - set on
    - set out
    - set to
    - set up
    - set up camp
    - set up house
    - set up shop
    - set upon
    * * *
    I [set]
    noun
    poetically sončni zahod; neko število enakih oseb, stvari, ki spadajo skupaj, tvorijo celoto; krog, družba (ljudi), klika; garnitura, serija, niz, servis; tennis set, partija (6 iger); commerce kolekcija; radijski, televizijski aparat, naprava, pribor; vsa ladijska jadra; printing zlog; theatre oprema odra; frizura, pričeska; sadika, nasad (jajc); plesni pari; figura pri četvorki; hunting nepremična stoja psa pred divjačino; (o glavi) drža, držanje; (o obleki) kroj, pristajanje; (o toku, vetru) smer; (o tekočini) trdnost; nagnjenost, tendenca ( towards k, proti); figuratively oster napad, zadnja plast (malte na zidu)
    a set of contradictions — niz, vrsta protislovij, nasprotij
    set of swindlers — banda, klika sleparjev
    dead set hunting nepremična stoja psa, ki naznanja divjačino
    full set of bill of lading commerce sklop (komplet) ladijskega tovornega lista (konosamenta)
    the racing set — krog ljudi, ki se zanimajo za konjske dirke
    to make a dead set at figuratively čvrsto popasti, zgrabiti koga; (o ženski) loviti koga, skušati (truditi se) osvojiti koga
    II [set]
    adjective
    določen, odrejen (čas), ustaljen, predpisan; pravilen, konvencionalen; tog, nepremičen; stalen (o ceni); American trmast; premišljen, pripravljen (govor); zaseden ( with z), zavzet, (popolnoma) zaposlen, okupiran (on, upon s.th. s čim)
    set piece — (gradbeni) oder, na katerem se delajo razne figure za ognjemet
    set phrase — ustaljen izraz (reklo, fraza)
    set scene — kulise, sestavljene iz bolj ali manj gotovih delov
    set speech — vnaprej pripravljen, naštudiran govor
    set time — dogovorjen (odrejen, določen) čas
    well-set — stasit, lepe rasti, postaven
    well set up in wine — dobro založen, oskrbljen z vinom
    I am set on s.th. — srčno si želim česa, mnogo mi je do česa, hlepim po čem
    III [set]
    1.
    transitive verb
    postaviti, položiti, posaditi, namestiti, instalirati, montirati, dati v določen položaj; naravnati (ud, uro); razvrstiti, sestaviti v zbirko (žuželke itd.); nasaditi (kokoš, jajca); pogrniti (mizo), razviti (jadro); razporediti, zlágati (tiskarske črke); urediti, (s)frizirati (lase); vstaviti, vdelati (dragulj v zlato); zabiti (v zemljo); spraviti (v gibanje), privesti, spraviti v določeno stanje; spustiti (na prostost); nagnati koga k delu, zapovedati mu, da se loti kakega dela; postaviti, dati (komu kaj) za zgled (vzor, primer); postaviti (pravilo); dati (komu ali sebi) nalogo; komponirati, uglasbiti (to za); naščuvati (at s.o. proti komu); razpisati (nagrado) (on na); stisniti (zobe); theatre uprizoriti, postaviti na oder; obsuti, posuti kaj ( with z); sesiriti (mleko); usmeriti, gnati (čoln); zasaditi zemijo, tla ( with z);
    2.
    intransitive verb
    zaiti, zahajati (sonce, mesec, tudi figuratively); ustaliti se (vreme); pihati (o vetru), prihajati ( from od, iz); gibati se, premikati se v neki smeri (o vodnem toku itd.); kreniti (na pot); kazati nagnjenost (to za); lotiti se, začeti; pridobiti na moči; (o lovskem psu) nepremično obstati in tako opozoriti na bližnjo divjačino; (o obleki) pristajati; spremeniti se v trdno stanje, otrdeti (cement, malta), strditi se; (o plesalcih) stati nasproti partnerju; (o cvetu) narediti plod; dobiti določeno obliko
    to set afoot (on foot) — začeti, pripraviti (kaj)
    to set s.o. against — nahujskati koga proti, ustvariti pri kom nerazpoloženje za
    to be set on (upon) s.th. — trdovratno vztrajati pri čem, biti ves mrtev na kaj
    to set the axe to s.th. — začeti kaj sekati, nastaviti sekiro na kaj, uničiti kaj
    to set books to be read — določiti knjige, ki jih je treba prebrati
    this hat set me back a pound slang ta klobuk me je stal en funt
    to set bounds to s.th. — omejiti kaj
    to set one's cap at colloquially prizadevati si pritegniti (snubca)
    to set close printing staviti, zlágati z majhnimi razmiki med črkami ali besedami
    to set at defiance — izzvati, kljubovati
    to set a dog on s.o. — spustiti, naščuvati psa na koga
    to set persons by the ears (at variance, at loggerheads) — izzvati prepir (razdor) med dvema osebama, spraviti v spor, spreti dve osebi
    to set s.o. at ease — pomiriti koga, osvoboditi koga zadrege (tesnobe, ženiranja, stiske)
    to set an end to s.th. — napraviti konec čemu
    to set eyes on s.th. — upreti oči (pogled) v kaj, opaziti kaj
    to set one's face against colloquially odločno se upreti, zoperstaviti
    to set the fashion — dajati, uvesti, diktirati modo (ton)
    to set s.o. on his feet — postaviti koga na noge (tudi figuratively)
    to set fire to (at) s.th. — podnetiti, zažgati kaj
    to set s.th. on fire — požgati, zažgati kaj
    to set the Thames on fire figuratively napraviti nekaj osupljivega
    to set foot in a house — prestopiti prag hiše, vstopiti v hišo
    to set on foot — postaviti na noge, začeti, uvesti, spraviti v gibanje, v tek
    to set foot on s.th. — stopiti na kaj
    to set one's hand to s.th. — podpisati kaj, zapečatiti kaj
    to set one's house in order — spraviti (svojo) hišo v red, urediti hišo; figuratively spraviti svoje stvari v red, urediti svoje stvari; napraviti red, pomesti z nepravilnostmi, izvesti reforme
    to set a lady's hair — urediti, naviti, sfrizirati, narediti pričesko dami
    to set one's heart (one's mind) to s.th. — poželeti, zelo si (za)želeti, zahtevati zase, izbrati zase, odločno skušati dobiti kaj, navdušiti se za kaj
    to set s.o.'s heart at rest — napraviti konec dvomu, zaskrbljenosti, pomiriti koga
    to set at large — dati prostost, izpustiti, osvoboditi
    to set ono's life on a chance figuratively staviti svoje življenje na kocko
    to set s.th. in a proper light — postaviti kaj v pravo luč
    to set little (much) by s.th. — malo (visoko) kaj ceniti
    to set s.o. at naught — rogati se, posmehovati se komu, podcenjevati, omalovaževati, poniževati, v nič devati koga, ne se ozirati na koga
    to set o.s. against s.th. — upreti se, zoperstaviti se čemu
    to set o.s. — lotiti se; sport zavzeti mesto na startu, pripraviti se za start
    to set the pace — regulirati korak, hojo; dajati takt
    to set paper colloquially napisati vprašanja, ki jih bodo vlekli študenti na izpitu
    to set pen to paper — lotiti se pisanja, začeti pisati
    to set the police after s.o. — poslati policijo za kom
    to set a price on s.th. — določiti čemu ceno, naložiti ceno za kaj
    to set a price on s.o.'s life (head) — razpisati nagrado na glavo kake osebe
    to set s.th. before the public — prinesti kaj pred javnost
    to set a razor — nabrusiti britev; izgladiti ostrino britve po brušenju
    to set s.o. at rest — pomiriti, umiriti koga
    to set s.o. right — popraviti, korigirati koga
    to set right (to rights, in order) — spraviti v red, popraviti
    to set sail — dvigniti jadro, odjadrati, odpluti, kreniti na potovanje po morju
    to set seal to s.th. — staviti pečat na kaj
    to set shoulder to the wheel figuratively pomagati, podpreti, zelo si prizadevati, odločno se lotiti
    to set spies on s.o. — vohuniti za kom
    to set spurs to the horse — z ostrogami spodbosti konja, spodbujati
    to set a stake into the ground — zabiti kol v tla, v zemljo
    his star sets figuratively njegova zvezda zahaja
    to set store by s.th. slang visoko (zelo) ceniti, preceniti kaj; pripisovati veliko važnost čemu
    to set a task — dati, naložiti nalogo
    to set one's teeth — stisniti zobe (tudi figuratively)
    to set s.o.'s teeth on edge — izzvati razburjenost (vznemirjenost) pri kom, (raz)dražiti živce komu, iti komu na živce
    to set s.o. thinking — dati komu misliti
    to set at variance — spreti, razdvojiti
    to set s.o. in the way — pokazati komu pot, spraviti koga na pravo pot
    to set s.o. on his way archaic spremiti koga del (kos) poti
    to set wide printing staviti razprto, z velikimi razmiki med črkami ali besedami
    to set one's wits to a question — iskati rešitev problerna, prizadevati si rešiti problem
    to set the watch nautical postaviti straže na njihova mesta
    to set s.o. to work — spraviti koga k delu
    to set o.s. to work — lotiti se dela

    English-Slovenian dictionary > set

  • 6 Goldmark, Peter Carl

    [br]
    b. 2 December 1906 Budapest, Hungary
    d. 7 December 1977 Westchester Co., New York, USA
    [br]
    Austro-Hungarian engineer who developed the first commercial colour television system and the long-playing record.
    [br]
    After education in Hungary and a period as an assistant at the Technische Hochschule, Berlin, Goldmark moved to England, where he joined Pye of Cambridge and worked on an experimental thirty-line television system using a cathode ray tube (CRT) for the display. In 1936 he moved to the USA to work at Columbia Broadcasting Laboratories. There, with monochrome television based on the CRT virtually a practical proposition, he devoted his efforts to finding a way of producing colour TV images: in 1940 he gave his first demonstration of a working system. There then followed a series of experimental field-sequential colour TV systems based on segmented red, green and blue colour wheels and drums, where the problem was to find an acceptable compromise between bandwidth, resolution, colour flicker and colour-image breakup. Eventually he arrived at a system using a colour wheel in combination with a CRT containing a panchromatic phosphor screen, with a scanned raster of 405 lines and a primary colour rate of 144 fields per second. Despite the fact that the receivers were bulky, gave relatively poor, dim pictures and used standards totally incompatible with the existing 525-line, sixty fields per second interlaced monochrome (black and white) system, in 1950 the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), anxious to encourage postwar revival of the industry, authorized the system for public broadcasting. Within eighteen months, however, bowing to pressure from the remainder of the industry, which had formed its own National Television Systems Committee (NTSC) to develop a much more satisfactory, fully compatible system based on the RCA three-gun shadowmask CRT, the FCC withdrew its approval.
    While all this was going on, Goldmark had also been working on ideas for overcoming the poor reproduction, noise quality, short playing-time (about four minutes) and limited robustness and life of the long-established 78 rpm 12 in. (30 cm) diameter shellac gramophone record. The recent availability of a new, more robust, plastic material, vinyl, which had a lower surface noise, enabled him in 1948 to reduce the groove width some three times to 0.003 in. (0.0762 mm), use a more lightly loaded synthetic sapphire stylus and crystal transducer with improved performance, and reduce the turntable speed to 33 1/3 rpm, to give thirty minutes of high-quality music per side. This successful development soon led to the availability of stereophonic recordings, based on the ideas of Alan Blumlein at EMI in the 1930s.
    In 1950 Goldmark became a vice-president of CBS, but he still found time to develop a scan conversion system for relaying television pictures to Earth from the Lunar Orbiter spacecraft. He also almost brought to the market a domestic electronic video recorder (EVR) system based on the thermal distortion of plastic film by separate luminance and coded colour signals, but this was overtaken by the video cassette recorder (VCR) system, which uses magnetic tape.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Morris N.Liebmann Award 1945. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Vladimir K. Zworykin Award 1961.
    Bibliography
    1951, with J.W.Christensen and J.J.Reeves, "Colour television. USA Standard", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 39: 1,288 (describes the development and standards for the short-lived field-sequential colour TV standard).
    1949, with R.Snepvangers and W.S.Bachman, "The Columbia long-playing microgroove recording system", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 37:923 (outlines the invention of the long-playing record).
    Further Reading
    E.W.Herold, 1976, "A history of colour television displays", Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 64:1,331.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Goldmark, Peter Carl

См. также в других словарях:

  • Problem solving — forms part of thinking. Considered the most complex of all intellectual functions, problem solving has been defined as higher order cognitive process that requires the modulation and control of more routine or fundamental skills (Goldstein Levin …   Wikipedia

  • Resolution of singularities — Strong desingularization of Observe that the resolution does not stop after the first blowing up, when the strict transform is smooth, but when it is simple normal crossings with the exceptional divisors. In algebraic geometry, the problem of… …   Wikipedia

  • resolution — A document that records a decision or action by a Board of Directors, or a bond resolution by a government entity authorizing a bond issue. Bloomberg Financial Dictionary * * * resolution res‧o‧lu‧tion [ˌrezəˈluːʆn] noun 1. [countable] an… …   Financial and business terms

  • Problem of evil in Hinduism — Hindu answers to the problem of evil are different from most answers offered in Western philosophy, partly because the problem of evil within Hindu thought is differently structured than Western traditions, mainly Abrahamic traditions.In the… …   Wikipedia

  • resolution — 01. The military government seems determined to ignore the U.N. [resolution] demanding an end to attacks on refugees fleeing the region. 02. I made a New Year s [resolution] to take more time to relax this year. 03. The secretary [resolved] to… …   Grammatical examples in English

  • Resolution — Res o*lu tion ( l? sh?n), n. [F. r[ e]solution. L. resolutio a loosening, solution. See {Resolve}.] 1. The act, operation, or process of resolving. Specifically: (a) The act of separating a compound into its elements or component parts. (b) The… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Resolution of a force — Resolution Res o*lu tion ( l? sh?n), n. [F. r[ e]solution. L. resolutio a loosening, solution. See {Resolve}.] 1. The act, operation, or process of resolving. Specifically: (a) The act of separating a compound into its elements or component parts …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Resolution of a motion — Resolution Res o*lu tion ( l? sh?n), n. [F. r[ e]solution. L. resolutio a loosening, solution. See {Resolve}.] 1. The act, operation, or process of resolving. Specifically: (a) The act of separating a compound into its elements or component parts …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Resolution of a nebula — Resolution Res o*lu tion ( l? sh?n), n. [F. r[ e]solution. L. resolutio a loosening, solution. See {Resolve}.] 1. The act, operation, or process of resolving. Specifically: (a) The act of separating a compound into its elements or component parts …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • There's No Place Like Home — For other uses, see No Place Like Home. There s No Place Like Home Lost episode The climax of the season finale, in which Benjamin Linus pushes the large …   Wikipedia

  • Resolution class submarine — The Resolution class submarine armed with the UGM 27 Polaris missile was Great Britain s primary nuclear deterrent from the late 1960s to 1994, when they were replaced by the Vanguard class submarine carrying the Trident… …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»